general effects of crack use include burning of the ________.

How does ozone react in the respiratory tract?īecause ozone has limited solubility in water, the upper respiratory tract is not as effective in scrubbing ozone from inhaled air as it is for more water soluble pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2) or chlorine gas (Cl 2). Further research is needed to test the importance of these exposures on health effects. This provides a potential pathway for people indoors to experience respiratory effects mediated by ozone reaction products. Ozone levels may also affect indoor levels of some aldehydes formed as reaction products of ozone with indoor substances (Apte et al 2008). People with the lowest cumulative exposure are those resting for most of the day in an air-conditioned building with little air turnover. In addition, during exercise people breathe more deeply, and ozone uptake may shift from the upper airways to deeper areas of the respiratory tract, increasing the possibility of adverse health effects. People with the greatest cumulative exposure are those heavily exercising outdoors for long periods of time when ozone concentrations are high. Ozone concentrations indoors typically vary between 20% and 80% of outdoor levels depending upon whether windows are open or closed, air conditioning is used, or other factors such as indoor sources. The cumulative amount of exposure is a function of both the rate and duration of exposure.Īlthough ozone concentrations in the outside (ambient) air are generally similar across many locations in a particular airshed, a number of factors can affect ozone concentration in 'microenvironments' within the larger airshed (e.g., inside a residence, inside a vehicle, along a roadway). The rate of exposure for a given individual is related to the concentration of ozone in the surrounding air and the amount of air the individual is breathing per minute (minute ventilation). Primary exposure occurs when people breathe ambient air containing ozone. Fewer individuals experience the more severe effects such as hospitalization or death. Many individuals experience the least serious, most common effects shown at the bottom of the pyramid. The relationship between the severity of the effect and the proportion of the population experiencing the effect can be presented as a pyramid. Figure 2: Pyramid of effects caused by ozone

General effects of crack use include burning of the ________.